Dave's Archives

Entries from April 2009

Sucks to be me

After speculating about the stimulus package, and then speculating about whether I'd receive a piece of it, it looks like I've fallen through the cracks. According to Julia Gillard, postgraduate students must be full-time and receiving an APA scholarship, or an equivalent "qualifying" scholarship, in order to be eligible for the $950 Training and Learning Bonus.

Here's why it sucks to be me: I was receiving a scholarship up until November 2007 and then supported myself with tutoring work in 2008. Since I'm not currently receiving a scholarship nor Centrelink payments*, I'm ineligible for the Training and Learning Bonus. On the other hand, because I did receive a scholarship for half the 2007-08 financial year, I didn't earn enough money to pay tax, making me ineligible for the Tax Bonus. Due to the "low income tax offset", my income fell short of the threshold by - wait for it - $30. That's right. One extra hour of tutoring sometime in 2007-08 would have been enough.

Not to worry though, because I've also been wisely investing in shares and managed funds, which (for me) have recently lost 29-74% of their value.

Edit: Alternatively, now I think about it, I could also have avoided claiming a tax deduction for donations to charity. Pay less to Amnesty International and you too could receive a $900 bonus!

* I've never received nor applied for any form of Centrelink assistance.

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Bike helmet laws

According to New Scientist, an Australian academic has determined (using a mathematical model) that the costs of mandatory bike helmet laws may outweigh the benefits. This relies on the notion that fewer people cycle if forced to wear a helmet, and so do not receive the health benefits of cycling. However, there is some debate about the numbers used in the model.

As a cyclist, the helmet requirement has never entered my mind as an inconvenience. It's just something you do, like putting on a seat belt.

I imagine some people might be put off cycling in the short term, when helmet laws are introduced, because they can't be bothered to go out and buy a helmet. However, I can't really imagine that these laws would reduce number of people on bikes in the long run. For anyone considering purchasing a bike once the laws are in place, a helmet is not an onerous requirement. (Bike accessories are often thrown in for free, at least around here.)

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Keeping score

It seems 300 names have been added to the original list of 400 "prominent scientists" who dispute things about climate change. If you follow that link there are a couple of good examples of the calibre of debate on the issue. I posted a few days ago about attempts to rubbish the scientific consensus on anthropogenic global warming (AGW). I can't help myself, however, so I've been looking at the "highlights" of the 2009 update.

Needless to say, there's no remotely valid methodology behind this whole exercise. The people on the list were not asked in a standardised fashion (say, via a questionnaire or interview) whether they believe AGW to be real or not. It appears that their quotes were simply harvested opportunistically from myriad sources of unknown reliability, while the reader is left to ponder (or ignore) the total absence of any argument for the existence of AGW. This is clearly not a survey, but nor does it attempt to paint any coherent picture of what the evidence itself tells us. It's simply an exercise in industrial cherry-picking. Now, since the whole sordid result is in one convenient compilation, it has been endlessly regurgitated in blogs, forums and pseudo-news sites across the web. Grassroots climate change denialism* thrives on copy-and-paste.

Now for some of the people quoted.

First up there's Ivar Giaever, a Nobel laureate. This is fantastic, but his Nobel Prize winning research was in superconducting, and it was half a century ago. You might recall that just two years ago the IPCC and Al Gore jointly received the Nobel Peace Prize "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change". If Giaever's Nobel Prize is a mark of authority, then what does that make Al Gore?

Second, we have  Dr. Joanne Simpson, whose heavily edited quote makes it sound like there's a conspiracy going on in the research community. She is represented as a climate sceptic, but consider an excerpt from her full statement:

What should we as a nation do? Decisions have to be made on incomplete information. In this case, we must act on the recommendations of Gore and the IPCC because if we do not reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and the climate models are right, the planet as we know it will in this century become unsustainable. But as a scientist I remain skeptical.

Of the above excerpt, the report quotes only the highlighted part. It's a perfectly reasonable thing for a scientist to say, but quoting such a remark without context is clearly very misleading, if not an act of deliberate deception. Scepticism means very different things in science and politics. How can a scientist who explicitly states that "we must act" on the IPCC's recommendations be tagged as a dissenter from the consensus?

Third, there's a  Dr. Kiminori Itoh, who describes himself as "physical chemist familiar with environmental sciences, and not particularly specialized in climate science. He is described in the list as a "UN IPCC scientist", which is somewhat misleading because Itoh was a reviewer for the IPCC report, not a contributor to it. His quote, that "Warming fears are the 'worst scientific scandal in the history…When people come to know what the truth is, they will feel deceived by science and scientists,'" is clearly mangled, and the second part isn't actually his.

I'm selecting a small sample of quotes because it helps illustrate how the deception works. I clearly don't have the time and energy to go through them all, but I shouldn't have to because the methodology is rubbish to begin with. The introduction on page 2 is farcical enough. Consider the point being made - that there is no consensus on climate change. Now consider that throughout the entire document, virtually no attention is drawn to disagreements between those actually quoted. The report states that "The over 700 dissenting scientists are more than 13 times the number of UN scientists (52)". If that ratio reflected the general balance of opinion, there would be a consensus - a consensus against the notion of AGW. However, nobody argues this, because it would imply that a large part of the world's media, many of the world's governments and most of its scientific institutions are part of a vast conspiracy. That's the point where most people would - quite rightly - stop listening.

Even if we accept the legitimacy of the entire list of AGW sceptics, the 700:52 ratio is still complete nonsense. If someone had the patience to draft a list of "prominent scientists" who believe AGW to be real, by similarly harvesting every available quote, that list could easily run into many tens of thousands. But we don't need to. More than ten years ago, when we were far less certain about AGW than we are now, a group of more than 1500 scientists actively urged "action at Kyoto". The IPCC itself is a forum for hundreds of scientists actively contributing to fields relevant to AGW (not just the 52 who summarised the report). Its reports are endorsed by numerous other organisations, including the science academies of the G8+5 nations in a joint statement.

But that's all irrelevant, because we have luminaries like Chris Allen, who assures us that AGW is wrong primarily because "it completely takes God out of the picture."

* I don't usually like using concocted terms like "denialism", but there has to be a label for the kind of grossly dishonest, politically charged make-believe that goes far beyond scepticism and even cynicism. Scientists are right to keep an open mind about climate change - and for the most part that's exactly what they've been doing. Denialism, by contrast, is something quite different. It seems to be broadly interested only in accumulating sound bites, treating the acquisition of quotes like a point-scoring system and stripping away all context and nuance.

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Talking about refugees

The Liberal Party has reminded me in no uncertain terms why I (at least) voted it out at the last election. John Howard was a competent leader, and his government can take the credit for several good deeds. However, these cannot make up for an (almost) complete lack of conscience regarding refugee policy. I can accept that the Liberal Party, by its nature, is given to supporting a free-market approach to things, including privatisation, individual workplace agreements, etc. In many cases I don't agree with this philosophy (particularly where it disadvantages the poor, and asks the private sector to maintain infrastructure and services that are not commercially viable), but I do respect it at some academic level as an alternate perspective. Refugee intake, on the other hand, is a humanitarian issue that must surely transcend squabbles over how much control the government should exercise over the economy. You don't screw around with humanitarian issues, unless you're John Howard and your (re-)election depends on the irrational fear of outsiders. It's not just wrong - it's obscene.

This is a deficiency that the Liberals' time in opposition has clearly not remedied. Evidentially the lull in hysteria since the "children overboard" and Tampa scandals was not the product of enlightenment, but merely a truce. Ideologically-aligned elements of the media are now helping Turnbull in making bizarre leaps of logic and claims of a government conspiracy. But this time, the facts - the ones that we actually know - seem to be making a greater impression. The government, as far as anyone can legitimately tell, is doing precisely what it should be doing, given the latest grisly incident. Meanwhile, those who do possess - simultaneously - a brain, a conscience and a sense of perspective are speaking out* in defence of some of the most vulnerable people we will ever hear about. The few Liberals who do so deserve a great deal of respect.

* Some articles you might peruse on the subject:

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Talking about racism

The combination of Israel's consummate paranoia and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's pursuit of some grubby nationalistic agenda has done the world a great disservice, from what I can tell. If Ahmadinejad knew that his anti-Israel rant would turn the UN's Durban Review into a circus - and surely we can credit him with a modicum of intelligence - he certainly didn't care. But what can we do? He is, after all, the head of government of a UN member country (a founding member, no less). The UN is a forum for intergovernmental co-operation, so we can't just shut him out of it.

Israel and the West are not absolved of blame, though. Israel, the US, Australia, and the other absentees could have chosen to make something of the forum, ignoring or condemning Ahmadinejad's comments as appropriate, and even using them as evidence for the need to act against racism. Adhmadinejad may have destroyed the conference's credibility, but only because Israel and the West let him have the stage to himself. The Secretary General Ban Ki-moon - who probably feels betrayed by just about everyone - tried to point out the futility of boycotts and walk-outs. They say a lot about the nature of the problem that the forum was intended to address. Racism and other forms of intolerance thrive on different groups setting themselves apart from one another. They continue to exist because these groups fail to communicate, and instead of developing an understanding of each other they make silly assumptions and generalisations. The solution at every level, from individuals to nations, is dialogue. (Putting conditions on dialogue is just an excuse for not having dialogue.)

To achieve meaningful dialogue, everyone needs to be just a little less sensitive. Israel needs to stop being quite so paranoid about its existence, the West needs to accept that Israel is not above criticism, and Iran and the Arab world need to be much more pragmatic. If the world's leaders can't bring themselves to discuss racism in a civilised fashion, what example does that set?

It's interesting to note that the Pope did actually endorse the conference (while condemning Ahmadinejad, of course), which is something.

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Climate control

For someone who rails so vehemently against global warming "alarmism"*, Andrew Bolt sure seems to be alarmed about hypothetical fatalities attributed to air conditioning failure during blackouts. Bolt states: "Just how many died because power blackouts knocked out their airconditioning is not known." It's not known, of course, because nobody has reported it happening, not because there's some sort of shadowy government conspiracy. By contrast, the World Heath Organisation estimates that about 150,000 excess deaths are already occurring annually in "low-income countries" as a result of climate change. But then that's based on actual research, so we can safely ignore it.

Indeed, the scientific consensus on global warming has been ignored and disputed by any number of media and political hacks. There are lists of the scientific battalions that supposedly dispute anthropogenic global warming (AGW), but most of the people on them are (a) connected to the fossil-fuel industry or funded by some like-minded "think tank", (b) not connected to climate science in any significant fashion, or (c) not actually in denial of AGW at all. For instance, Dr Olafur Ingolfsson (whose credentials I have no particular reason to doubt) merely reassures us that the polar bear may not be in danger of extinction. For that he made it into the US Republicans' list of "Over 400 Prominent Scientists [who] Disputed Man-Made Global Warming Claims in 2007". The Heartland Institute's list of "500 Scientists Whose Research Contradicts Man-Made Global Warming Scares" doesn't give any reasoning at all for the inclusion of any given name, and many of those listed have expressed their outrage.

Al Gore, who in the US now seems to be a piñata for the cynics (as though discrediting him is equivalent to discrediting the entire field), tried to point out that the consensus on AGW is real. In An Inconvenient Truth he cited a metastudy on the subject, which found that none of a sample of 928 climate-related papers had argued against AGW. A newer, more direct survey has since found that 96% of climatologists (actively publishing) agree that temperatures have risen, and 97% believe that human activity is a significant contributing factor. Moreover, the closer you are to the science, the more likely you are to agree with this view. Only 58% of the general public believes that human factors are influencing the climate. However, to argue that there is no scientific consensus is risible. Such claims seem to be based on the views of a few outspoken individuals, amplified by political and corporate interests and parroted by ideologues in the media (who, of course, complain loudly that it's the other way around).

Needless to say, air conditioning failure is a lot more likely if more people are relying on air conditioning.

* Can one accept that anthropogenic global warming is occurring without being contemptibly tagged as an "alarmist"?

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Unstimulated

The ATO's tax bonus eligibility calculator informs me that I'm not, after all, eligible to receive the $900 tax bonus. I was above the tax-free threshold in 2007-08, but my tax was erased by offsets. It's not clear whether I'm eligible to receive the $950 "training and learning" bonus either. I'm unknown to Centrelink and I'm not receiving a scholarship, but the Council for Australian Postgraduate Associations is apparently "confident that administrative measures included in the package will mean that no other students are left out."

Jolly good then. I have no idea what these "administrative measures" are, but I'm sure I'll find out eventually, for better or worse.

On a philosophical note, it's tough to decide whether I should be upset (hypothetically) about not being stimulated. We would rightfully complain if the needy were to miss out on welfare. In general, it's natural to complain about not being afforded the same benefits as those around us. However, this isn't really about wealth redistribution - it's just a mechanism to get money circulating again - a once-off event. It's also not as if I'm going to be any worse off, whatever the outcome. However, that 75kg of chocolate may have to wait.

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Temporal malfunction

You may have noticed that Dave's Archives, in a fit of celebratory humour, temporarily reverted to a two-week old version on Good Friday. So did my inbox, and for a while I thought I'd lost all my emails and blog posts since March 26.

Email isn't a problem, because I have a convoluted forwarding scheme where, by design, I end up with three copies of all email sent to me. The blog shouldn't have been a problem either, because it's automatically backed up via email. I noted with some humility, however, that these particular emails were only being sent to one of my IMAP accounts - the account that had just lost the last two weeks of email.

It was eventually fixed by a poor Jumba customer rep working Good Friday.

I did find a backup, though, after rummaging around in my laptop's IMAP cache while not connected to the Internet, but it was a few days old and missing the most recent post (before this one). I've since ratcheted up my backup scheme a notch.

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The doomsday argument

This has recently been the source of much frustration for some of my friends, as I've attempted to casually plow through a probabilistic argument that most people would instinctively recoil at. So, I thought, it might work better when written down. Of course, plenty of others have also written it down, including Brandon Carter - its originator - and Stephen Baxter - a science fiction author (who referred to it as the "Carter Catastrophe" in his novel Time).

The main premise of the argument is the Copernican principle. Copernicus, of course, heretically suggested that the Earth was not the centre of the universe. Thus, the Copernican principle is the idea that the circumstances of our existence are not special in any way (except insofar as they need to be special for us to exist in the first place).

We are now quite comfortable with the Copernican principle applied to space, but the doomsday argument applies it to time. Just as we do not live in any particularly special location, so we do not live at any particularly special moment. This is distorted by the fact that the human population has exploded in the last century to the point where about 10% of all the humans to have ever lived (over the course of homo sapiens' ~200,000 year history) are still alive today. We can deal with this distortion by (conceptually) assigning a number to each human, in chronological order of birth, from 1 to N (where N is the total number of humans that have lived, are currently alive, or will ever be born in the future). We can then say, instead, that we are equally likely to have been assigned any number in that range.

In probability theory, this is equivalent to saying that you have been randomly selected from a uniform distribution. Yes, it must be you (the observer) and not someone else, because from your point of view you're the only person who has a number selected from the entire range - past, present and future. You could have been assigned a number at any point along the human timeline (by the Copernican principle), but you still cannot observe the future, and so by selecting any other specific individual you'd automatically be restricting the range to the past and present. The number you've actually been assigned is something on the order of 60 billion (if we estimate that to be the total number of humans to have ever lived so far).

So where does that leave us? Well, in a uniform distribution, any randomly selected value is 95% likely to be in the final 95% of the range. If your randomly selected number is 60 billion, then it's 95% likely that the total number of humans to ever live will be less than 60 billion × 20 = 1.2 trillion. Similarly, it's 80% likely that the total number will be 60 billion × 5 = 300 billion, and 50% likely that the total number will be 120 billion. Now, 50%, 20% and 5% probabilities do crop up, but we must draw the line at some point, because you cannot demand absolute certainty (or else science would be impossible.)

This should make us think. The doomsday argument doesn't give an exact number, nor does it directly give us a time, but this can be estimated from trends in population growth. However, the prospect of a scenario in which humanity spreads out beyond the solar system and colonises the galaxy, to produce a population of countless trillions over tens of thousands or even millions of years, would seem vanishingly unlikely under this logic. Even the prospect that humanity will survive at roughly its current population on Earth for more than a few thousand years seems remote.

It's also worth pointing out, as others have, that the doomsday argument is entirely independent of the mechanism by which humanity's downfall might occur. That is, if you accept the argument, then there is nothing we can do to stop it.

Needless to say, the objections to this reasoning come thick and fast, especially if you bumble like I have through a hasty verbal explanation (hopefully I've been more accurate and articulate in this blog post). One should bear in mind that this isn't simply some apocalyptic pronouncement from a random, unstable individual (it wasn't my idea). This is work that has been published some time ago by three physicists independently (Brandon Carter, J. Richard Gott and Holger Bech Nielsen) in peer-reviewed journals. That's not to say it's without fault, but given the level of scrutiny already applied, one might at least pause before simply dismissing it out of hand.

The objections I've heard (so far) to the doomsday argument usually fall along the following lines:

  1. Often they discard the notion that the observer is randomly selected, thus reaching a different (and trivial) conclusion.  One can point out that there always has to be a human #1, and a human #2, and so on, and that this says nothing about the numbers that come after. However, in pointing this out, one is not randomly selecting those numbers, and random selection is the premise of the argument.
  2. They object that a sample size of one is useless. Indeed, in the normal course of scientific endeavour, a sample size of one is useless, but that's just because in a practical setting we're trying to achieve precision. If we're just trying to make use of what we know, one sample is infinitely more useful than no samples at all. The doomsday argument does not at any point assume that its single randomly-selected number represents anything more than a single randomly-selected number. If we had more than one random sample, we'd be able to make a stronger case, but that does not imply there's currently no case at all.
  3. Sometimes they object on the grounds of causality - that we simply can't know the future. I think this is just a manifestation of personal incredulity. There is no physical law that says we cannot know the future, and here we're not talking about some divine revelation or prophecy. We're only talking about broad probabilistic statements about the future, and we make these all the time (meteorology, climatology, city planning, resource management, risk analysis, software development, etc. ad infinitum).

However, I'm sure that won't be the end of it.

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Students

Here's what diversity means to a university tutor.

Student A appears with a deer-in-the-headlights look at the door to the senior tutor room and asks (in a bewildering tone that sounds as if a layer of righteous outrage has been suppressed and petrified beneath another layer of sheer blinding terror) if there is going to be a tutorial now for the unit that I tutor. I stumble through an explanation of the weekly tutorial times - there are only two, and neither of them are now - and leave him with a look of deep suspicion and confusion. This is half-way through semester.

Student B appears at the door to the senior tutor room with a demeanour that could very well be those transfixing headlights. She doesn't have a question - she's just bored. She bounds over to see what I'm doing and recoils at the tutorial exercise I'm preparing to give in an hour. Nevertheless, I begin to explain it and within a minute she rips the paper out of my hand and sits down to undertake the exercise: disassembling a Java class file by hand. She isn't even enrolled in the unit, and won't be for another year.

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